???

???
??	1882
???	Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti
?? ??	????
??	1993
?? ???	Hollinwood , ??

百度左晖认为，未来，可能会产生20个超大的城市圈，汇聚6亿人口。

???(Ferranti) ?? ??? ?????(Ferranti International plc)? 1885? 1?? ?? ????? 1993?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ????. (??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??(Nijkerk Holding) ????) ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? FTSE 100 ??? ????? ???.

? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??. ??? 1951? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? 1? ???? ?????.

??

???? ??? ? ???? 1882?? Ferranti, Thompson and Ince? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[1] ? ??? ???-?? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ? ? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?? ??? ??(Dr Ferranti)? ???? ??. 1885? ??? ??? ???? ??(Francis Ince)? ?? ???(Charles Sparks)? ?? ??? ?? S. Z. ? ???(S. Z. de Ferranti)? ?????.^[2] JF ??? ???,^[3] ??? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ??????. AC ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? AC ? DC ????? ???? ??? ??? ???.^[4] 1887? LESCo(London Electric Supply Corporation)? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??, ???, ???? ?????? 1890? 10? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????. 10,000 ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ?? ???? ?????.^[1] ??? ????? ???? ?? ??(?? ???)? ??, ???? ?????. ? ? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???. ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? 1896?? ??? ????? ?????.^[2] 1901? 7?, S. Z. ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? 1896??? 1903?? ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1903? ??? ??? Parrs? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ???.^[3] ? ??? 1905?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? 10% ???? ?????.^[2] ? ?? 11? ? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? J P Coats of Paisley, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???.^[3]

??

20?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????. 1910?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? 16?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????.^[3]

??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???.^[2] ?? ? ?? ? ??? ??? 100?? ???? ?? ???. ??? ??? ?? ???? 1921?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????. 1930? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???.^[3] 1935? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???, ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.^[2] ? ??? ??? 1957? EKCO? ??? ? ???? ??? ?????.^[5] ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????. 1950?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????. 1974? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???.

??? ????

?2? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??, ??, ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????(IFF) ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????.^[2] ???? ??? ??, ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ???.

1943? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?(Crewe Toll)?? ??? ???.^[2] ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? 8? ???? 8,000?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???^[6] ?? ??? ?? ???? ???. ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ?????.

1949??? ??? ???? ??? ??? DATAR(Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) ??? ?????. DATAR? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???.^[7]

1950???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????:^[8] ??? ?? ? ???(?? ??? ES? ??)? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??.^[9]

1960??? 1970???? ?? ???(???, ??, ????), ?? ? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???.^[10] ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ESA ??? 4? ?? ??? 5 ??? ?????. ???? ?? PADS(Position and Azimuth Determining System, ?? ? ?? ?? ???)? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????.^[11]

1960??? ???? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???. 1970?? ??? ??? ?? ??·?? ?? ???(LRMTS, Laser Rangefinder and Marked Target Seeker)? ???, ????, ???? ????? ?????.^[12] 1974?? ?? ???, ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??·???(??? ?? ??, LTM)? ?? ??? ??????^[13] ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????-???? ?????? ???? ??. TIALD(Thermal Imaging Airborne Laser Designator) ?? 1? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????.^[14]

1960???? 1980?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? SAM? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. 1970?? ???? ???(Plessey)? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?? 2050? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ? ??? ?? ???(Wythenshawe) ???? ????? ?? ?? ??(Cheadle Heath)?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???.^[15]

1990?? ?? EFA(??? ????? ???) ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???. ??, ????, ???? ???? ??? CAPTOR? ????? ??, ??? MSD2000(??, AEG, GEC? ?? ??)? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? GEC? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??, ???? ?? ?????.^[16] ???? ????? ? ECR-90? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? EFA ???? GEC? 6? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ? ??? ???? 2,300? ??? ?????.^[17]

??? ????

1980?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???. ???? ????? ?? ??(??? ???????), ??? ??(??? ????)? ?????. ? ?? ? ? ????? ???? ?????.

???

1940?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????. ??? ? ??? 1941?? ??? ??? ?? 1????^[2] 1951??? 1957??? 9? ??? ?????. 1956?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????^[18] 38?? ?????. 1956? ??, ???? ?? ???(Ivan Idelson)? BSI(?? ?? ??) ???? ?? 7 ?? ?? ???? ???-???-???(Cluff-Foster-Idelson) ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ASCII? ???.^[18]

???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? 1? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.^[19] ???? ? ???? 1957?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? 19?? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??^[18]? ?????. ? ??? 1962?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ? 3?? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???(???? 2)?? ?????? ? 8? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???.

1960?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???-??? 6000? ?????.^[7] ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ???. ?? 1963? International Computers and Tabulators(ICT)? ?????? 1968?? International Computers Limited(ICL)? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ??? ?? ICT? 1970?? ??? ICT 1900 ??? ??? FP 6000? ?????.

ICT?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????. FP 6000? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ? ? ? ?? ???(??? '???')? ??? ????? ?????.^[20]

??, ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????(Hermes)? ????(Poseidon)???? ? ?? 1960?? ??? F1600?? ????.^[21] ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ??? FM1600B? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????. FM1600D? ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. FM1600E? FM1600B? ??? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? 60% ? ??, ?? ??? 3.5? ? ?? ?????? FM1600E ??? F2420???? 2010??? ??? ???? ?????.^[15]

???

???? ??? ???, ????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 1955? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????. 1972?? 3? ???? ZN414 ?? ? AM ??? ?? ??? ?????.

??? ????? ????(Ferranti Semiconductor Ltd.)? 1977? 16?? ??? ??? ?? 16?? ????????? ??? F100-L? ??, ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????.^[22] F100-L? ???? ?? ?? UoSAT-1(??? 9)? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ZTX ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? Zetex? ??? ???? ??.^[23]

1980?? ?? ???? ???? ZX81, ???? ZX ????, ?? ????, BBC ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???? ??? 1988? ???(Plessey)? ?????.^[2]

????? ??? ?? ???? ??

1987?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???(ISC)? ?????.^[24] ? ??? ??? ??? ?????(Ferranti International plc.)? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?????: ??? ??? ????(Ferranti Computer Systems), ??? ??? ????(Ferranti Defence Systems), ??? ?????(Ferranti Dynamics), ??? ???(Ferranti Satcomms), ??? ????(Ferranti Telecoms), ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???(Ferranti Technologies and International Signal & Control).

???? ISC? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???. ?? ??? ISC? ??? "?????" ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???. ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????.^[24]

1989?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ISC? ?????. 1991? 12? ISC? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??(James Guerin)? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???.^[24]

??

???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? 1993? 12? ???? ??.^[2]

??

↑ ^? ^? “SWE Historical Society”. 2016? 7? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Ferranti Timeline ??? 3 10? 2015 - ??? ?? - Museum of Science and Industry (Accessed 22-02-2012)
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Ferranti and the British Electrical Industry J F Wilson ISBN 0-7190-2369-6
↑ Graeme Gooday (2004? 4? 1?). 《The Morals of Measurement: Accuracy, Irony, and Trust in Late Victorian Electrical Practice》. Cambridge University Press. 232–?. ISBN 978-0-521-43098-2.
↑ Grace
↑ “Hansard”. 2017? 12? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.
↑ ^? ^? John Vardalas, "From DATAR To The FP-6000 Computer ??? 2025-08-08 - ??? ??", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol 16 No 2, 1994
↑ Ferranti Airpass radar equipment being fitted to a Canberra test aircraft in 1955
↑ “Eurofighter Typhoon”. 2015? 4? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.
↑ “The Ferranti Inertial Land Surveying System (FILS) as part of an integrated navigation and positioning system”. 2011? 7? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.
↑ The Surveying Handbook by Russell Charles Brinker, Roy Minnick
↑ Targeting pods
↑ “Lasers on beam.” (PDF). 《Flight International》. 1975? 1? 23?. 2015? 4? 7?? ???.
↑ “TIALD: The Gulf War GEC Ferranti”. 2017? 12? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.
↑ ^? ^? Norman Friedman (2006). 《The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems》. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-262-9.
↑ Miller, Charles (1990? 5? 8?). “Radar Deal Keeps Britain in Forefront of Airborne Technology”. The Press Association Ltd.
↑ “Court finds GEC 'intervened' on behalf of onetime EFA rival Ferranti”. 《Aerospace Daily》 (McGraw-Hill Inc.). 1994? 3? 15?. 398?.
↑ ^? ^? ^? “UK electronics - a fallen or sleeping giant”. 2018? 7? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.
↑ Dr. Brian Napper (1999). “The Manchester Mark 1, Final Specification -- October 1949”. 《Computer 50: The ???? ??? Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer》. 9 February 2014? ?? ???? ??? ??. 26 November 2012? ???.
↑ Wylie, Andrew (2009). “The Ferranti Argus Computers”. 2012? 2? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 11? 26?? ???.
↑ A history of autonated AIO's (PDF) (???). HMS Collingwood's Historic Collection. 2016? 6? 24?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2015? 11? 17?? ???.
↑ 《New Scientist 30 September 1976》. 695?. ^{[?? ??(?? ?? ??)]}
↑ “??? ??”. 2017? 1? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.
↑ ^? ^? ^? “The ISC / Ferranti Scandal”. 2017? 12? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.

?? ??

Halton, Maurice J. "The Impact of Conflict and Political Change on Northern Industrial Towns, 1890 to 1990, " MA Dissertation, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Manchester Metropolitan University September 2001 (PDF; 326 kB)

?? ??

????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

???? ?? ?? ??? - Timeline of Ferranti's History

[SWE-1] ? ^? “SWE Historical Society”. 2016? 7? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.

[timeline-2] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Ferranti Timeline ??? 3 10? 2015 - ??? ?? - Museum of Science and Industry (Accessed 22-02-2012)

[Wilson-3] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? Ferranti and the British Electrical Industry J F Wilson ISBN 0-7190-2369-6

[Gooday2004-4] Graeme Gooday (2004? 4? 1?). 《The Morals of Measurement: Accuracy, Irony, and Trust in Late Victorian Electrical Practice》. Cambridge University Press. 232–?. ISBN 978-0-521-43098-2.

[5] Grace

[6] “Hansard”. 2017? 12? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.

[ieee-7] ? ^? John Vardalas, "From DATAR To The FP-6000 Computer ??? 2025-08-08 - ??? ??", IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol 16 No 2, 1994

[8] Ferranti Airpass radar equipment being fitted to a Canberra test aircraft in 1955

[9] “Eurofighter Typhoon”. 2015? 4? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.

[10] “The Ferranti Inertial Land Surveying System (FILS) as part of an integrated navigation and positioning system”. 2011? 7? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.

[11] The Surveying Handbook by Russell Charles Brinker, Roy Minnick

[12] Targeting pods

[13] “Lasers on beam.” (PDF). 《Flight International》. 1975? 1? 23?. 2015? 4? 7?? ???.

[14] “TIALD: The Gulf War GEC Ferranti”. 2017? 12? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.

[Friedman2006-15] ? ^? Norman Friedman (2006). 《The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems》. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-262-9.

[16] Miller, Charles (1990? 5? 8?). “Radar Deal Keeps Britain in Forefront of Airborne Technology”. The Press Association Ltd.

[17] “Court finds GEC 'intervened' on behalf of onetime EFA rival Ferranti”. 《Aerospace Daily》 (McGraw-Hill Inc.). 1994? 3? 15?. 398?.

[emt-18] ? ^? ^? “UK electronics - a fallen or sleeping giant”. 2018? 7? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.

[19] Dr. Brian Napper (1999). “The Manchester Mark 1, Final Specification -- October 1949”. 《Computer 50: The ???? ??? Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer》. 9 February 2014? ?? ???? ??? ??. 26 November 2012? ???.

[20] Wylie, Andrew (2009). “The Ferranti Argus Computers”. 2012? 2? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 11? 26?? ???.

[21] A history of autonated AIO's (PDF) (???). HMS Collingwood's Historic Collection. 2016? 6? 24?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2015? 11? 17?? ???.

[22] 《New Scientist 30 September 1976》. 695?. ^{[?? ??(?? ?? ??)]}

[23] “??? ??”. 2017? 1? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.

[isc-24] ? ^? ^? “The ISC / Ferranti Scandal”. 2017? 12? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 12? 16?? ???.

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